Historical Ecology of Scandinavian Infield Systems
نویسندگان
چکیده
Infield systems originated during the early Iron Age and existed until 19th century, although passing many transitions changes. The core features of infield were enclosed infields with hay-meadows crop fields, unenclosed outland mainly used for livestock grazing. We examine changes domesticated landscapes using framework human niche construction, focusing on reciprocal causation affecting change in both culture environment. A first major transition occurred Middle Ages, as a combined effect growing elite society an increased availability iron promoted expansion villages partly communal infields. second 18th centuries, due to then recognized inefficiency agricultural production, leading land reforms. In outlands, there was continuous management throughout whole period. Even though external factors had significant impacts well, construction affected range cultural environmental regarding structure systems. Thus, theory is useful understanding historical ecology
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Sustainability
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['2071-1050']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020817